Single-mode fiber has a very thin central glass core (typically 9 or 10 μm in diameter) and can only transmit one mode of light.
Single-mode fiber has very low intermodal dispersion, making it suitable for long-distance communication. However, it still exhibits material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Therefore, single-mode fiber places high demands on the spectral width and stability of the light source; that is, the spectral width must be narrow and the stability high.
Later, it was discovered that at a wavelength of 1.31 μm, the material dispersion and waveguide dispersion of single-mode fiber are positive and negative, respectively, and their magnitudes are exactly equal. Thus, the 1.31 μm wavelength region has become an ideal operating window for optical fiber communication and is the main operating band of current practical optical fiber communication systems. The main parameters of conventional 1.31 μm single-mode fiber are determined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) in Recommendation G652; therefore, this type of fiber is also called G652 fiber.
Single-mode fiber supports longer transmission distances than multimode fiber. In 100Mbps Ethernet and even 1Gbps Gigabit Ethernet, single-mode fiber can support transmission distances exceeding 5000m.
From a cost perspective, single-mode fiber is more expensive than multimode Fiber Optic Cables because optical transceivers are very costly.
Its refractive index distribution is similar to that of stepped-down fibers, with a core diameter of only 8-10µm. Light propagates in a straight line along the central axis of the core. Because this type of fiber can only transmit one mode (two degenerate polarization states), it is called single-mode fiber, and its signal distortion is very small.
The academic literature explains “single-mode fiber” as follows: Generally, when v is less than 2.405, only one peak passes through the fiber, hence the name single-mode fiber. Its core is very thin, about 8-10 micrometers, and its modal dispersion is very small. The main factors affecting the transmission bandwidth of optical fibers are various dispersions, with modal dispersion being the most important. Single-mode fiber has low dispersion, thus enabling it to transmit light over long distances with a wide frequency band.
Single-mode fiber has a core diameter of 10 microns, allowing for single-mode beam transmission and reducing bandwidth and modal dispersion limitations. However, due to its small core diameter, controlling beam transmission is difficult, necessitating extremely expensive lasers as the light source. The main limitation of single-mode fiber lies in material dispersion; single-mode cables primarily utilize lasers to achieve high bandwidth. Since LEDs emit numerous light sources with varying bandwidths, material dispersion requirements are crucial.
Compared to multimode fiber, single-mode fiber supports longer transmission distances. In 100Mbps Ethernet and even 1Gbps networks, single-mode fiber can support transmission distances exceeding 5000 meters.
From a cost perspective, single-mode fiber is more expensive than multimode fiber cables due to the high cost of optical transceivers.
Single-mode fiber (SMF) has a much smaller core diameter than multimode fiber, only 8-10 microns. Because it transmits only one mode, it has no intermodal dispersion, low total dispersion, and wide bandwidth. Single-mode fiber is used in the 1.3~1.6µm wavelength region. By appropriately designing the fiber’s refractive index distribution and using a cladding seven times larger than the core made of high-purity materials, both minimum loss and minimum dispersion can be achieved in this wavelength range.
Single-mode fiber is used in long-distance, high-capacity fiber optic communication systems, fiber optic local area networks, and various fiber optic sensors.
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